Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Post Deregulation Act of 1978 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Post Deregulation Act of 1978 - Term Paper Example The US Airlines industry was primarily a highly controlled one, with heavy regulations imposed upon the air fares, air routes as well as the air schedules. Prevalence of such restrictions within the airlines arena had serious implications upon market demand. The Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) restricted the entry of new players within the industry, depending upon the approval provided by the Department of Transportation (DOT). Prior to deregulation, unless the DOT endorsed any indigenous airlines company as fit and able to commute passengers within the national premises, they could not operate within the domestic territory (Siddiqi, n.d., par. 1). The outcome of creating such a highly constrictive environment of operation had serious drawbacks upon the cost structure of the companies which were active in the business. Though initially, the profit margin earned by the US airlines industry was quite high, viz., 14%, the situation worsened following the restrictions inflicted by the boar d upon the margin. According to the guidelines being implemented, the profits earned upon stockholder’s equity could not be exceeded beyond a certain ceiling, so that the players who were already present in the market could not increase the air fares above a particular point (Kwong, 1988, p. 14). Though, a low air fare was considered as an advantage for the customers who availed the service, the companies suffered from bottlenecks as their avenues for procuring capital was approaching a standstill.

Monday, October 28, 2019

Pre-Industrial European Labour Market Essay Example for Free

Pre-Industrial European Labour Market Essay In this critical review I will compare the two texts by Peter Earle and Elise van Nederveen Meerkerk. The articles are about woman’s work in the 17th and early 18th century respectively about women’s work in the Dutch textile industry and female labour marked in London. The article by Earle (in 1989) is released before Meerkerk’s article (2006) and there are in Meerkerk analysis some pointing to Earle’s article. I will start with a short presentation of each of the two articles, how and from what time data is collected, some of the findings and conclusion. And then what contribution their papers have made to the historical debate about women’s role in the pre-industrial labour market. Both Earle and Meerkerk refer to Alice Clarks pioneer study from 1919 about women’s work in production in pre-industrial time[1] [2]. Earle is more critical to her work than Meerkerk. Peter Earle is the first person after Alice Clark to look deep and critically into how women had it in the labour market in the 17th and 18th century. In his article Earle is saying â€Å"Indeed, it would be fair to say that we know virtually nothing about the female labour force in early modern London except in the most unstructured and superficial way[3]. An important note Earle makes in his introduction is that the arguments that Alice Clark put forward has more or less just became accepted and Peter Earle is the first one to test Alice Clark’s analyze[4]. A main thing Meerkerk and Earle are concentrating on is Clark statement that there where a ‘golden age’ for women in the 17th and 18th century. What becomes clear in Meerkeerk article is that she is influenced by development in economic theory and social theory as well. The way Meerkeerk and Earle do their analyze is different. A major reason for that is that Meerkeerk is a social scientist while Earle is a ‘traditional empiricist historian’. What is easy to see is that Earle look at numbers much more than Meerkerk do, and while Meerkerk also look at numbers, she uses market theories as well such as the split market theory to analyze the findings. Katrina Honeyman and Jordan Goodman used this when they where looking at European women’s work between1500 – 1900[5]. Peter Earle is more or less guided by his sources. He goes thru his sources and construct figures [6] from his sources. He also takes other sources from other historians such as Wrigley and Schofield [7]. And this is what he is basing his conclusion on. Meerkerk on the other hand developed a frame work, she had an idea before she starting on the research. The idea is that of how to analyze her data. Based upon works from many social scientists and historians and their findings, she found that †we must therefore derive a new theoretical framework to explain the working of gender in the pre-industrial labour marked† [8]. On this background she analysed the data. Her work became a supplement to understand the segmentation of the labour market. Meerkerk wanted to know who got the core jobs, who got the peripheral jobs and why men tends to earn more than women even if they are doing the same work. Core jobs are higher paid and productivity while peripheral jobs is lower paid and lower productivity. Peter Earle has data from witnesses and defendants in the time period of approximately 1660 – 1725. Earle have an impressive material from whole London divided by districts, occupations, full-time and part-time, women and men and their age. He also has data from which class the citizens are from, if they are upper class or lower class (low wealth to high wealthy), and also reading skills and illiterate[9]. Earle is self-stating that poor people are under represented because they weren’t literate enough to be called as witnesses[10] Meerkerk’s material not less impressive than Earle’s, is from last quarter of the sixteenth century, first half of seventeenth century and 1810. Other than showing women in the textile industry in Holland, she are showing the percentage of married women who are in work, men and women in different industries, different jobs, heads of family per industrial sector and heads of family in textile industry. She also looks at women and men’s income. Meerkerk also has an analyse of guilds in the textile industry[11]. What is worth mentioning is that Tilburg and Leiden who are the main places in Holland she is looking at was wealthy places economically mainly because of the textile industry. Conclusion: Even though they goes with their work in a different way, they both come up with similar conclusions. None of them believes it was a ‘golden-age’ for women. Meerkerk said women where restricted to peripheral and low paid jobs but it was changeable, depending upon industry and it as is peak when women occasionally gets better paid jobs, but as soon the industry starts to decline women where the first to loose their job. The fine jobs women’s ones had, where then given to men. It’s easy to see there where gender discrimination. As mentioned, Earle has a kind of similar conclusion; He means that women where expected to work at that time to support their family. Women got low-paid and low skilled jobs while men got the higher paid jobs (core jobs). Meerkerk and Earle’s works compliments each other as to real knowledge about women’s situation on the labour marked in pre-industrial times. What Meerkerk’s work gives us more than Clark is supplement to the theories about segmented labour marked and the labour marked segregated by gender, and she are valuable to understand the labour marked in preindustrial time and today’s labour marked as well. Bibliography: Earle, Peter: The female labour market in London in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century, 1989 Economic History Review, 2nd ser., XLII, 3(1989), pp. 328-353 Meerkerk, Elise Van Nederveen; Segmentation in the Pre-Industrial Labour Market: Women’s Work in the Dutch Textile Industry, 1581 – 1810 page 189 216, 2006 Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Brave New World Essay -- essays research papers fc

Brave New World "A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed." second amendment to the United States Constitution, 1791. Within this famous paragraph lies the right that Americans both cherish and fear, the right to have a gun. Of all the civil rights endowed by Bill of Rights and it’s amendments, none has been as been opposed so hostile and defended so staunchly as the Second Amendment. Besieged in courts, bogged down in legislation, the Second Amendment as our forefathers intended it is constantly in limbo. "To preserve liberty, it is essential that the whole body of the people always possess arms, and be taught alike, especially when young, how to use them." (Richard Henry Lee, Virginia delegate to the Continental Congress, initiator of the Declaration of Independence, and member of the first Senate, which passed the Bill of Rights.) "The great object is that every man be armed ... Everyone who is able may have a gun." (Patrick Henry, in the Virginia Convention on ratification of the Constitution.) "The advantage of being armed ... the Americans possess over the people of all other nations ... Notwithstanding the military establishments in the several Kingdoms of Europe, which are carried as far as the public resources will bear, the governments are afraid to trust the people with arms." (James Madison, author of the Bill of Righ ts, in his Federalist Paper No. 26.) The Second Amendment was not the first of it’s kind. Under the laws of Alfred the Great, whose reign began in 872 A.D., all English citizens from the nobility to the peasants were obligated to privately purchase weapons and be available for military duty. Under the Assize of Arms of 1181, freemen between the ages of 15 and 40 were required by law to possess certain arms. They were required twice a year to demonstrate to Royal Officials that they were appropriately armed. In 1662, Gunsmiths in England were ordered to deliver to the government lists of all purchasers, as has been the case in recent years. In 1623, Virginia outlawed its colonists to travel unless they were "well armed"; in 1631 it required colonists to engage in target practice on Sunday and ... ...Kennedy were also members. Aren't drugs banned? Your normal citizen doesn’t have drugs, but criminals do. If guns are taken away, only the good people won’t have them. With some 20,000 firearms regulations now on the books, we do not need still more gun-control laws. Ultimately, it is people choices to use firearms to commit violent crimes. So criminals should be controlled, not the guns which they share with millions of law-abiding citizens. Owning a gun is a right, not a privilege. WORKS CITED Lee, Patricia. "Fighting for Freedom." Guns & Ammo Sept. 1992: 26. Schmidt, Shelly, and Bardes "AMERICAN GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS TODAY" West Publishing Company, 1991-92. Adams, Les "The Second Amendment Primer" Odysseus Editions, 1996. Report of the Subcommittee On The Constitution of the Committee On The Judiciary U.S. Senate Ninety Seventh Congress Second Session U.S. Department Of Justice From the Internet, The National Rifle Association, Handgun Control Inc., Violence Policy Center, The Department of Transportation, The Journal of Firearms and Public Policy, Gun Owners of America, USA Today, The 2nd Amendment Law Library,

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Culture and Psychopathology : A relationship Essay -- Psychology

Culture is defined as the group of similar values, goals, outlooks, ideas and traditions that a shared by a certain group of people. The human race is diverse and varied, filled with many cultures. There are many differences in these cultures and because of these differences; the definition of normal differs from culture to culture. It only makes sense that diagnoses of psychopathologic disorders vary from culture to culture. However certain things will not change because fundamentally, we all still belong to the same species. Take the typical division of the east and the west. Research has shown that people from western cultures think differently from people in the eastern cultures. Westerners tend to see themselves as individuals. In comparison, people from East Asian cultures tend to see themselves as part of a whole and as interdependent person in the community. This translates itself into their world view, while the westerner tends to see the main point in great detail; the easterner is more likely to see the full dynamics of the full picture (Goldberg, 2008). It can be said that they think differently because of the culture in which they are immersed in. An experiment was carried out to determine how were 8-year-olds were at puzzle solving. This experiment was carried out with American and Asian children. The Americans did better at puzzles they had chosen while the Asians did better at puzzles their mothers had chosen. This reflects on the varying though processes between the two cultures. The Amer icans were more independent and comfortable to choose their own puzzles while the Asians were comfortable in the belief that their mothers knew what the best was for them (Goldberg, 2008). The point of the experiment was to... ...izations in the many cultures in the world. References Psychological Medicine. (n.d.). Changi General Hospital. Retrieved April 1, 2012, from www.cgh.com.sg/Medical_Specialities/Medical_Services/Pages/psychological.aspxhttp:// Goldberg, C. (n.d.). Differences Between East and West Discovered in People’s Brain Activity - The Tech. The Tech - MIT's Oldest and Largest Newspaper. Retrieved April 1, 2012, from http://tech.mit.edu/V128/N9/culture.html Juris G. Draguns (1986): Culture and psychopathology: What is known about their relationship?, Australian Journal of Psychology, 38:3, 329-338 Braun, F. K., Fine, E. S., Greif, D. C., & Devenny, J. M. (2010). Guidelines for multicultural assessment: An asian indian american case study. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 38(3), 130-141. http://search.proquest.com/docview/610013358?accountid=16285

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

What Does College Mean to Me?

What does college mean to me? Going to college to me means a lifetime full of knowledge. College is an accomplishment that would give me success for the rest of my life. When I’m older I hope college will build on to my knowledge level and put me at the top! I want to be an anesthesiologist when I get older so that means I have to go to at least four years at a regular college hopefully USC, and then go to a doctoring school for at least 8 years. In order to achieve this goal I have to do well in school now to get the job in about 15-25 years.College is a tool that I would have to have to get that job and I’m determined on getting it. I hope I’ll be more successful and think more about my future then. College would be a great thing for me since almost none of my family went, well my mom did and then she dropped out. If I made it to college I would love to finish what my mom started and finish college and do what she wanted to do become an actual something and not just a receptionist/nurse at a doctor’s office.College would mean the world to me and my family and all my relatives support me in my work and think I would do very well in college if I focused more on my school work now so I hope to become better at paying attention and giving my all in all my classes especially my AVID class because that is the class that is making my dream come true. AVID is a program that gives kids a way to get to college by giving scholarships which is the only way I’d be able to go to college because my parents say that they can’t afford for three kids to go to college.My parents tell me that I have to work my hardest in this class and stay smart so maybe just maybe I won’t have to pay but a small amount out of my pocket or even my parent’s pockets. College would be a blessing to me and help my dream career become a reality! I hope that doing my work and working hard in my AVID class will get me there. My AVID teacher is al so a big part of my college dream and she inspires me to want to go to college and I’m very thankful that she has helped me get my life straight and I’m set on what I want to do and what job I want to pursue and I’m ready for college and I’ll do anything I can to get there.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Crown Prosecution Service Advice Essays

Crown Prosecution Service Advice Essays Crown Prosecution Service Advice Essay Crown Prosecution Service Advice Essay Crown Prosecution Service Advice Rhenium: Tom, Dick and Enid Introduction The undermentioned sentiments are premised upon the fact that from a procedural position, a figure of applications will probably be made by the prosecution to progress its chances at test. The first of these applications would affect the consideration as to whether it is preferred to continue against each of these suspects individually, or in a combination other than a three individual joint endeavor styled proceeding where all are charged as parties to the slaying of Charlotte. The main footing for separate proceedings is to avoid issues of admissibility of points of grounds that are potentially relevant to one suspect but potentially damaging to another. The suspects may besides raise the chance of a rupture. ( Smith, 1999, 859 ) topic to the flowering of the proceedings at the pre-trial phase, it may go desirable to break up the suspects where one may be in a place to attest against another. The sentiments as to the mode in which the grounds obtained in this affair may use refering each prospective suspect is hence considered in the absence of the impact of any procedural issues sing the indictment and the nature of the proceedings. Particularly, the tactical advantages of any rupture of each suspect or any peculiar count, is non considered below except where specifically noted. It is assume as a affair of fact-finding pattern that the constabulary would instantly hold sought a statement from Diane, so as to avoid the rumor jobs noted below. A concluding preliminary observation – this analysis is structured so as to thoroughly use the general regulations of condemnable grounds, as opposed to mentioning fact specific an potentially mis taking instance jurisprudence. The instances cited are provided in promotion of this purpose. General Observations that apply to all suspects The grounds of Fay, age 10, is potentially relevant to all suspects with regard to Charlotte’s slaying. For this ground the place of Faye as a competent informant is considered independent of the analyses of the place of the suspects as set out below. Fay, like any informant is competent to give grounds topic to the procedural regulations specified at s. 53 of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act ( YJCEA ) . The competence of Fay will be foremost assessed by the test justice pursuant to the commissariats of s. 53 ( 3 ) , with the main consideration being that Fay be in a place to understand the nature of the proceedings and the nature of the inquiries asked. Base upon the limited grounds available at this minute, it does look probably that Fay will be able to pass on the awaited grounds in a manner that falls within the bounds of s.53. As an aside, given the nature of the charges, it is highly likely that consideration must be given to an application to seek the test court’s permission to use one of the enumerated special measures’ for this vernal informant as available through the application of the Criminal Procedure Rules ( 2005, R. 29.1 ) The 2nd facet to the appraisal of the grounds likely to be tendered through Fay is the fact that such grounds will be unworn grounds by virtuousness of the application of s. 55 ( 2 ) ( a ) of the YJCEA, given that Fay is less than 14 old ages old. The admissibility of Fay’s grounds will hence be determined by application of s.56 of the YJCEA, the commissariats sing the admissibility of unworn testimony. The weight to be given Fay’s grounds ( presuming that, as noted above, Fay is competent to attest in this manner ) will be a affair for the test justice to direct the jury in their direction ( Simmonds, 1996, 3 ) ; the weight to be given Fay’s grounds is needfully tied to the rumor concerns and the built-in dependability issues originating at that place, every bit good as the other fortunes noted below that a trier of fact can decently use to measure the weight to be given Fay’s grounds. These points are noted below. The primary analysis is directed to the facts as they pertain to Tom ; where appropriate, the possible liability of the other possible suspects Enid and Dick is considered at that point. Separate consideration of any issue particular to these suspects is besides delineated below. The Case against Tom Tom’s place may be assessed from a figure of positions. His instance may be developed on a figure of bases, peculiarly: ( 1 ) The appraisal of the obvious similar fact grounds and whether Tom could be convicted on such evince entirely ( 2 ) Assuming the admissibility of the similar act grounds, could Tom be convicted on the combined grounds of similar fact and the grounds of Fay sing his visit to her place with Enid and her observations sing the payment of ? 5,000 hard currency ( 3 ) Could Tom be convicted on the grounds of Fay, in concurrence with the grounds adduced in points ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) ; ( 4 ) The relationship between the prospective grounds of Fay and the grounds to be adduced at ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) 1. The similar fact grounds Given the general regulations sing the admissibility of such grounds, founded as it is upon the general regulation of probatory value versus the damaging consequence created by its admittance into grounds, it is of import to exactly place the facts available to the prosecution that may decently represent similar fact grounds. As is good known by virtuousness of the taking governments, peculiarly determinations such asPhosphorus( 1998, Crim LR 663 ) andHydrogen( 1995, 2 Cr App R 437 ) , the prosecution is non obligated to set up a dramatic similarity, mirror image type fact or any other suggestion that the facts, one to another, are indistinguishable. A high grade of similarity is clearly a trademark or dependability with regard to how a jury might be instructed as to the usage to which such grounds might be put in Tom’s test. Further, there is a clear chance to bolster the impact of this grounds through the other grounds considered at ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) and ( 4 ) below. With these rules in head, the followers is the form of similar act grounds to be considered: His clear form of imbibing, chancing and lifestyle that is a common yarn to all of the happenings taking to Charlotte’s slaying. His relationship with Dick that likewise is a common component to the full factual circumstance The slaying of two partners prior to Charlotte All three partners died by manner of a distinguishable slaying mechanism, a possible distinction and a factor that Tom might reason to extinguish the consideration of the earlier happenings as true similar facts ( knifing, hiting and Charlotte’s submerging ) . The prosecution will reason, and it is submitted, set up successfully, that the meeting of the factors of partner, domestic scene, Tom’s absence signifier the place at clip of decease, the comparative short continuance of the matrimony, and the farther facts in ( V ) rhenium motivation will probably over sit such statements. Motive – Tom made a important fiscal addition as a consequence of the decease of each of his partners. Coupled with the lifestyle / chancing grounds available, this grounds is a portion of a compelling form of behavior Fortunes of his establishing of an alibi on three occasions, as established through the constabulary officers ; the possibility of Tom innocently happening himself in fortunes where an impregnable informant, a constabulary officer, is the party doing the topic telephone call on three occasions is one that defies common sense and forms a portion of the flowering of the narrative leading to Charlotte’s decease. Tom may be convicted as a party to Charlotte’s slaying on this grounds entirely if admitted in its entireness, taking as it does to the allowable illation that he must hold been an histrionat some degreein this slaying. ( Stewart and Schofield, 1995 ; Chan Wing-Siu, 1985 ; Roberts, 1993 rhenium: general rules ) 2. Dick’s payment to Enid This grounds assumes that Diane will supply this information through testimony and that it would non be tendered by manner of the triple hearsay’ implicit in the testimony of Fay ( in add-on to Fay’s unsworn informant position noted above ) . The payment of this big sum of money is admissible on its ain, but does non get peculiar cogency unless grounds of Enid’s position is admitted through the rumor noted from Fay, or unless Diane testifies. Diane’s grounds refering Dick is non capable to any exclusion under the grounds jurisprudence ; it is admissible against both Tom and Dick. 3. Diane’s grounds sing Enid Diane’s grounds refering Enid’s admittance as a contract liquidator is hearsay in footings of its possible admissibility against Tom ( and Dick ) ; it is capable to the bridal considerations of compellability ( Civil Partnerships, 2004, s.84 ( 1 ) and ( 5 ) ) The rumor facets of the vocalization from Enid to Diane must be considered in visible radiation of the commissariats of the Criminal Justice Act ( CJA, 2003, s.118 ( 1 ) ) 4. Multiple rumor The facts present two different facets to this issue – the grounds of Fay and the grounds of George. It is submitted that George’s grounds is merely a farther patterned advance from that of Fay ; if Fay is found to be an undependable informant, it is non imaginable that George’s grounds founded as it is upon Fay as a nexus in the evidentiary concatenation George would supply could be admissible and Fay’s non. The consideration must be hence directed to Fay. In add-on to the unsworn nature of the grounds, Fay is capable to consideration under the multiple hearsay proviso of the CJA ( s.121 ) . Taken merely as unsworn grounds from a kid, it is submitted that Fay’s testimony would be admissible capable to the weight to be ascribed to it. However, the extra factor of multiple rumor is a serious trouble for the prosecution 2. Extra considerations – Dick The extent of Dick’s possible liability is hard to determine on the facts as presented. The saloon castanetss of his chancing relationship with Tom are present to make the causal connexion between them. However, without the grounds of Diane admitted as to the nature of Enid’s position this grounds does non make liability. However, Dianeobservedthe exchange of money between Dick and Enid, an observation that is admissible against Dick Diane nevertheless can attest as against Tom or Dick as to her conversation with Enid sing her slaying activity. Dick is apt as a party to the slaying of Charlotte if these facts are elicited as expected – the relationship with Tom, the transportation of money to a admitted slayer, and the decease of Charlotte under fortunes consistent with the admittance by Enid to Diane support this contention. 3. Extra considerations – Enid The confession’ provided to Diane by Enid is capable to the exclusionary regulations noted above ( Civil Partnerships, s. 84. Absent this grounds, the facts admissible against Enid are reduced to the followers: an observation that Dick was in her company and paid her money Two other slayings took topographic point at an earlier tie connected to Tom. This grounds does non fulfill the grade of cogent evidence necessary to implicate Enid by manner of similar fact in the present happenings The admittance to Diane sing her homicidal activity can non be introduced indirectly via Fay’s hearsay if the substantial confession is inadmissible by jurisprudence. It is suggested from a tactical position that this possible informant be provided with unsusceptibility from prosecution and that she be called to attest against Dick and Tom. Bibliography Smith, John C. Commentary on Severance’Criminal Law Review,1999, pp. 859-865 Table of Legislative acts Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act, 1999 Police and Criminal Evidence Act, 1984 Criminal Justice Act, 2003 Civil Procedure Rules, 2005 Civil Partnerships Act, 2004 Table of Cases Chan Wing-Siu, R V [ 1985 ] AC 168. H, R V ( 1997 ) 2 Cr App R 437 HL P, R V [ 1998 ] Crim LR 663 CA Panayiotou, R V [ 1998 ] EWCA Crim 1989 ( 19th June, 1998 ) Roberts, R V [ 1993 ] 1 All ER 583 Simmonds, R V [ 1996 ] EWCA Crim 72 ( 3rd April, 1996 ) Stewart and Schofield, R V [ 1995 ] 3 All ER 159 Venn, R. V [ 2003 ] EWCA Crim 236 ( 14 February 2003 )

Monday, October 21, 2019

How to Break Into the Greeting Card Industry

How to Break Into the Greeting Card Industry Making extra income doesnt have to take hours away from your leisure time. In fact, if you have a way with words, you can make as much as $75 in as little as half an hour. The greeting card industry is enormous and boasts billions of dollars in sales annually. Greeting card companies are always on the lookout for the next best idea and pay contributors very well. The pay scale ranges from $75 to $300 for a few heartwarming, romantic or funny lines. This makes greeting card writing one of the best-paid gigs for clever writers.   Anyone who has ever stood in a greeting card aisle and thought, I could write a better card than that, is welcome to send submissions to the dozens of card lines looking for freelance writers. Theres some basics that writers should know before pitching their ideas to card publishers: 1. Artists and writers are hired separately. A writers input on artwork may or not be solicited. Dont send your artwork unless its expressly permitted in the publishers submission guidelines. 2. Shop markets akin to your writing. Blue Mountain Arts creates poetic cards. Smart Alex creates racy humor cards. Peruse the companys current line so that you dont accidentally submit a raunchy birthday card to a devoutly Christian publisher and get yourself blacklisted. 3. Track markets and submissions.   Refrain from simultaneous submissions of card ideas. Feel free to submit rejected content to similar markets once its returned to you. Create a spreadsheet to help you keep track of when and where you sent each submission. Number your card ideas to make them easier to track. 4. Less is more. Writing cards isnt rocket science, but it is a distinct style of writing. Use words sparingly and intentionally. Cards are written in a conversational tone, not glittering Elizabethan prose. You should write greeting cards as if you are talking to your best friend, spouse or grandma, but not at the same time. That may make for an awkward card. 5. Broad approach has greater reach. Not everyone has had a Persian cat named Pocahontas recently pass away. However, there are many people who have recently lost a beloved pet. To those card buyers I send my condolences, because its awful to lose a pet. To card writers, I offer a piece of advice: Keep your ideas broad enough that they appeal to a large market, but narrow enough that they feel genuine to readers. 6. Request writers guidelines or research them online. Each card publisher has distinct tastes and submission preferences. In that way, they are very similar to literary agents and publishers. Take the time to do your homework. Many card publishers post their submission guidelines on their sites. Some will send their guidelines and current needs if you request them. This is the preferred method, because it clues you in to what they are shopping for in their next line. 7. Follow the publishers submission format. Greeting card publishers do not subscribe to a specified submission format. In this way they are akin to literary agents and publishers, but thats where the similarities end. Greeting card submissions are much shorter and far easier to compose than queries. This doesnt mean writers may fling grammatical caution to the wind. Be sure to follow the format so your submission isnt tossed. If the submission guidelines dont specify a format, the one provided below is acceptable: OCCASION: Birthday OUTSIDE TEXT: Place outside text here INSIDE TEXT: Place inside text here OUTSIDE IMAGE SUGGESTION: Place any art ideas here Marilyn Dunroe, mdunroe@gmail.com, 321-321-3321 8. Search for additional markets. Check the backs of the cards being sold in your local chain and specialty stores for publisher info. Most cards are imprints of American Greetings and other large publishers. They occasionally hold contests, but hire staff writers to create their content. Smaller publishers are more apt to accept unsolicited submissions. Card writing is a great way to earn extra income from the comfort of your home for the small sum of your clever quips. Ready to get started? Good. Heres a list of card publishers that accept submissions from freelance writers: Oatmeal Studios: Style: lighthearted humor Blue Mountain Arts: Style: poetic heartfelt verse Calypso Cards: Style: modern, sassy (offers a line of divorce cards) Smart Alex: Style: controversial and crude humor

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Art Evaluation Essays

Art Evaluation Essays Art Evaluation Essay Art Evaluation Essay Explore-at the start of this project I looked at the artists Karl Blosfeldt and Peter Randall Page. Karl Blosfeldt was a German photographer who took photographs of natural forms. Peter Randall Page is a British artist who takes natural forms and uses the textures and colours to make interesting sculptures. I think I presented my work which included my botanical drawing of kiwi, my flower observation drawing and other pieces in an eye-catching and interesting way. Create. I experimented with my collages by using low relief and by using materials which have the colours of natural forms like brown tape. With my drawing I used tried to show the texture of the object I was focusing on.The materials I used were brown tape, cardboard (thick and thin) and tissue paper. The techniques I used were slotting, using low and high relief. Evaluate. At the start I think I did not really annotate my work but now i think I have fully annotated my work at have improve the pages at the start of my book. I think I have planned my work well because I put thought into how I am going to organise a page and my ideas. My drawings show that I have reflected the styles of the artists work because I have taken their work at incorporated several ideas into my own work. I have reviewed my work my putting a footnote at the bottom of the page. The footnote includes my opinion of how well I did something or what I liked about something. I presented my work in a way so that the people looking at my work can read my writing but the way it was put on the page is bold and visually good. Understand. I think that my work does show a link to the artists work, like I said before in the evaluate section, I have incorporated their styles and put it into my work. My final piece of work did turn out as expected because it had different shapes to show the textures on a real life form. I am particularly pleased with my leave structure as it was one of three parts which look like a part on a real life form. I like the colours I used for the leave structure and I like how the tissue paper gives more natural texture. The changes I would make on my overall structure would be to have a more brighter area because most of structure it pretty dark, so that is how I would improve it. The best bits of making this structure was the painting because it was quite relaxing and you take your time. The worst bit would have to be putting together the structure in the first place because cutting out shapes from the cardboard was really hard and took ages. Feedback. No, I dont think there was anything in the project that I did not understand. I liked the theme and the project because it involved different techniques like painting, drawing and making collages. If I designed the project the work that I would like to do more botanical drawing because I would like to improve on my shading. I think that the project is good as it already is.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

EWaste Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

EWaste - Essay Example Many of these products can be reused, refurbished, or recycled in an environmentally sound manner so that they are less harmful to the ecosystem. These days computer has become most common and widely used gadget in all kinds of activities ranging from schools, residences, offices to manufacturing industries. E-toxic components in computers could be summarized as circuit boards containing heavy metals like lead & cadmium; batteries containing cadmium; cathode ray tubes with lead oxide & barium; brominated flame retardants used on printed circuit boards, cables and plastic casing; poly vinyl chloride (PVC) coated copper cables and plastic computer casings that release highly toxic dioxins & furans when burnt to recover valuable metals; mercury switches; mercury in flat screens; poly chlorinated biphenyl's (PCB's) present in older capacitors; transformers; etc. Basel Action Network (BAN) estimates that the 500 million computers in the world contain 2.87 billion kgs of plastics, 716.7 million kgs of lead and 286,700 kgs of mercury. The average 14-inch monitor uses a tube that contains an estimated 2.5 to 4 kgs of lead. The lead c an seep into the ground water from landfills thereby contaminating it. If the tube is crushed and burned, it emits toxic fumes into the air. With the increase in use of computers and other electronic products, the problem of how to dispose the used computers and other electronic good... urning, disposal of e-waste without regard to proper environmental procedures all play a role in making the dumping of e-waste and its disposal a priority issue. It is estimated that 75% of electronic items are stored due to uncertainty of how to manage it. These electronic junks lie unattended in houses, offices, warehouses etc. and normally mixed with household wastes, which are finally disposed off at landfills. This necessitates implementable management measures. In industries management of e-waste should begin at the point of generation. This can be done by waste minimization techniques and by sustainable product design. Waste minimization in industries involves adopting: inventory management, production-process modification, volume reduction, recovery and reuse. The solutions suggested for solving the issue of e-waste range from reducing the toxic substances in the components prior to manufacture, recycling of the used electronic products, dumping of the e-waste in selected and notified areas, burning the e-waste products in designated incinerators that comply with environmental standards. Of course, the most common solution for e-waste management in the developed world is to ship the used computers and other electronic goods to developing countries like China and India where they are either used again or sold as scrap or in most cases, incinerated and the residual metal extracted from them. We will take a look at each of these solutions and the environmental policies in the developed world that contribute to as well as solve the problem of e-waste. The most common solution to tackle the issue of e-waste is to recycle it. However, not all products can be recycled owing to different market conditions that exist for these products. Though recycling has been

Friday, October 18, 2019

Communication field study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Communication field study - Assignment Example The staffs of the two colleges need to use a language which is utilized by the majority of people. Any problem can be sorted out if the right guidance is given by CEO rather than directions. It is essential that the faculty members come up with their own creative ideas and lead the meetings in order to achieve the combined goal of the two schools. Every school essentially has formal and informal lines of communication channel which need to be exploited best for the good will of the schools. When working for solutions to problems, it is required for the language to be objective because judgmental and factual thinking can work against the goal of the school. When it comes to communication, there can arise many barriers like ineffective listening, vague conversation, inappropriate language, use of jargons and differences in perceptions. This is because different people have different ideas and perceptions and in order for strategies to work there should be ample interaction among the administrative staff. People from different culture think differently and act differently and when these factors are acknowledged by the CEO objectives of both the schools can be worked out

Sodium Na+ channel Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sodium Na+ Channel - Lab Report Example Patients with cardiac insufficiency receive drugs that affect the sodium pump in order to stabilize the heartbeat. Voltage-gated sodium channels. The family consists of at least 9 members and is largely responsible for action potential creation and propagation. The pore-forming alpha subunits are very large(up to 4,000 amino acids) and consist of four homologous repeat domains, comprising six transmembrane segments and transverse the cell membrane 24 times. They coassemble with a beta subunit that spans the membrane. Scorpion toxin has been used for classification of these channels. Diagram of a voltage-sensitive sodium channel ÃŽ ±-subunit. G - glycosylation, P - phosphorylation, S - ion selectivity, I - inactivation, positive (+) charges in S4 are important for transmembrane voltage sensing Frank H. Yu and William A. Catterall (2003) "Overview of the voltage-gated sodium channel family" in Genome Biol. 4(3): 207. ([http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153452 Full text online]). Class Ia agents depress phase 0 depolarization and reduce Vmax which prolongs the action potential duration by slowing conductance, these agents include quinidine, procainamide, and disopyramide and should be used in conjunction with an AV node blocking agent such as digoxin or a beta-blocker. Class Ib agents have the fast onset and offset kinetics and little or no effect at slower heartbeats. These include lidocaine, mexiletine, tocainide, and phenytoin. Class Ic agents markedly depress the phase 0 depolarization. They are indicated for life-threatening ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation and for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. They are potentially pro-arrhythmic, especially in settings of structural heart disease, as in post-myocardial infarction and contraindicated in such instances.  

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Vocabulary Strategies with ELL Students Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Vocabulary Strategies with ELL Students - Essay Example Students’ usage of first language for learning second language is the best practice for vocabulary learning as students can relate the words with one another. Students should be well equipped with knowledge of basic words as it is essential to excel with prior basic knowledge and for that purpose, transfer of cognate knowledge is required. It can be best implemented by allowing the students of ELL to find similarities and contrasts between their vocabulary of the words of their language and vocabulary of the second language. August, et al. (2005) informs that less efforts are done towards researching the best strategies for ELL students. However, transference of cognate knowledge is effective strategy for learning vocabulary. The second article that is taken for study is â€Å"Effective Instructional Strategies for English Language Learners in Mainstream Classrooms† by Susan (2004). According to Susan (2004), SIOP that can be abbreviated as Sheltered Instruction Observa tion Protocol is the best model that can be used for teaching students about English vocabulary. Susan (2004) explains that vocabulary plays an important role in language acquisition but lack of vocabulary appears as an obstruction for students of ELL in reading. There should be a vocabulary program setup for the vocabulary improvement of the English language learners. There are various stages that are described by Susan (2004) in the lieu of SIOP model. The whole exercise of planning and developing a program comes under the category of SIOP model. Word choice, allowance to students to use new words and new combinations and asking students to describe and explain words according to their own understanding, all are employed to teach the students of ELL to learn vocabulary. While using the approach of SIOP, the teachers should not use jargons or difficult words to teach students in order to facilitate them to learn in a comprehensible and easy manner.

History Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 23

History - Assignment Example Arguably, the most divisive political issue in American history has been slavery; understanding its evolution over time is key in helping to explain a significant portion of our nation’s past. Trace the path of slavery from its origins in early European colonization of North and South America to the time of the Constitutional Convention. How did the practice of African slavery begin? How and why did it expand in the 13 English colonies of North America? Finally, how was the issue of slavery impacted by the American Revolution? Slavery in Africa has existed even before the Arabian and the Atlantic slave trade. Owning of slaves is part of their culture and it was boosted by the Roman siege and influenced by Islam and other introduced as well as native religions (Lovejoy, 2012). But the start of African slavery in the American colonies is pegged at 1619, when the 1st African slaves docked in Virginia (Berlin, 2003). From Virginia, the practice of slavery spread to all 13English Colonies in North America. The slaves were used as laborers in cotton, sugar, and other plantations, household help, as well as skilled workers in the craft of carpentry, and welding among others. It was also a status symbol promoted by the government so as to quell the disparity of rich, land-owning Whites against the poor, land-less Whites. This move strengthened the foundation for racial slavery and racism (Wood, 2005). The American Revolution started the transformation in the attitudes of the colonial Whites towards slavery that w ill eventually lead in the abolition of slavery in January 01, 1863, with President Abraham Lincoln’s proclamation. The newly freed â€Å"Americans† set freedom as one of its country’s undeniable virtues and with that, slavery must be put to an end. The presidential proclamation against slavery became the key to abolishing African slavery yet a considerable amount of time still passed between the enactment of

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Vocabulary Strategies with ELL Students Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Vocabulary Strategies with ELL Students - Essay Example Students’ usage of first language for learning second language is the best practice for vocabulary learning as students can relate the words with one another. Students should be well equipped with knowledge of basic words as it is essential to excel with prior basic knowledge and for that purpose, transfer of cognate knowledge is required. It can be best implemented by allowing the students of ELL to find similarities and contrasts between their vocabulary of the words of their language and vocabulary of the second language. August, et al. (2005) informs that less efforts are done towards researching the best strategies for ELL students. However, transference of cognate knowledge is effective strategy for learning vocabulary. The second article that is taken for study is â€Å"Effective Instructional Strategies for English Language Learners in Mainstream Classrooms† by Susan (2004). According to Susan (2004), SIOP that can be abbreviated as Sheltered Instruction Observa tion Protocol is the best model that can be used for teaching students about English vocabulary. Susan (2004) explains that vocabulary plays an important role in language acquisition but lack of vocabulary appears as an obstruction for students of ELL in reading. There should be a vocabulary program setup for the vocabulary improvement of the English language learners. There are various stages that are described by Susan (2004) in the lieu of SIOP model. The whole exercise of planning and developing a program comes under the category of SIOP model. Word choice, allowance to students to use new words and new combinations and asking students to describe and explain words according to their own understanding, all are employed to teach the students of ELL to learn vocabulary. While using the approach of SIOP, the teachers should not use jargons or difficult words to teach students in order to facilitate them to learn in a comprehensible and easy manner.

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Feasibility study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Feasibility study - Essay Example A Feasibility study is an investigation of a proposed solution and the benefits of undertaking such an activity. The main Reasons why an organization conducts a study of such kind is that it helps them consider all the aspects associated with the activity and allows them to see whether they have the time and resources to implement such a system. Although it is done at the beginning of the project it can be detailed analysis (wisegeek) In this report we will analyze the current system that Bundberry uses to control their transport facility availed by the clients and the staff of the organization and then devise a plan to implement a new system that will integrate its entire system into one system using an ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) system such as SAP in order to improve their booking system. We will also integrate an online booking system that will allow quick and easy way for the clients to use the service. Currently the organization is working on a very basic system that needs to be upgraded in such a way that it allows it to monitor and control their transport facility on a more real time basis so that they can ensure that there are no unnecessary costs incurred by the organization and that the booking system is efficient enough to provide timely service to the customers total satisfaction. An ERP system is a combination of core business practices and functions with the latest technology. (topbit). It integrates the core processes of the organization, enabling it to achieve its objectives using resources effectively and efficiently. These systems previously were only feasible for large organizations and companies to implement, However now with the help of online technologies, ERP can be virtually implemented by any kind and size of organization. It is software architecture at the heart of which lies the information that is the key to an organization’s success. At

Boeing’s e-enabled advantage Essay Example for Free

Boeing’s e-enabled advantage Essay The Boeing Company is a major aerospace and defense corporation, originally founded by William E. Boeing in 1916 in Seattle, Washington. In 2004, it became one of the United State’s largest manufacturers with nearly 160, 000 employees and a net income of $1. 87 billion. It was the world’s largest aerospace company and for decades, had dominated the world’s commercial aviation market. THEIR STRATEGY Their main strategy was to streamline their core processes and to diversify. In streamlining their core processes, Boeing adopted simpler procedures for configuring aircraft to specifications, scheduling, ordering parts and managing inventory. They also diversified and entered into other markets, becoming more agile geographically and becoming less dependent on the highly cycled commercial jetliner market. They also integrated defense systems, Capital Corporation and the commercial airlines. HOW I. T. FACTORED INTO THAT In launching the aforementioned integration and innovative technologies, Boeing needed high end Information Technology expertise. That helped them launch a couple of websites including MyBoeingFleet. com. They also launched the Boeing Connexion and the Airplane Health Management (AHM). They went further and took great strides to understand both the airlines and the airline customers and integrate their business processes with Information Technology. This helped them provide broader services and is the main source of the e-enabled technology mentioned in the case study. This helped them plan and prioritize current and future processes effectively. THE MARKET Their market initially was the United States military which drove their technology but later grew to include commercial airliners. Their commercial airline market rapidly grew to 60% of the market world over and they appeared to have reached the pinnacle of the corporate might. As this happened, the only direction Boeing seemed to be headed was downward due to the emergence of big competitors. THEIR COMPETITION In the commercial airliner, Airbus seemed to be their biggest competition but because of all the technologies they integrated into their business, it was competing in segmented markets against industry giants like Oracle, IBM and Accenture as well as Garmin International and Aero Exchange International but their visionary leadership and their willingness to invest in technology sees them come out on top. THEIR WEAKNESS One of the main weaknesses of Boeing was their inablitiy to meet delivery schedules for airlines. Some airplanes they manufactured were also said to be inefficient but that did not stop them from producing more of those aircrafts which led to the belief that they are out of touch with their customers. Also, their frequent change of leadership could be considered a weakness as that makes them frequently go back to the drawing board to re-strategize.

Monday, October 14, 2019

Chirnside v Fay

Chirnside v Fay I Introduction On 6 September 2006 the Supreme Court released its important and controversial judgment in Chirnside v Fay . Elias CJ and Tipping and Blanchard JJ took very different approaches to the issue of whether or not to grant an equitable allowance to the defendant. This essays primary aim is to provide a detailed description of their Honours differing opinions as to that issue and also outline the authors own opinion as to what approach should be adopted. This essay starts with a brief description of the fact situation and the general law behind equitable allowances. It then describes the differing approaches taken in Chirnside . Next, the author makes a principled argument that the broad approach should be preferred when considering whether or not to grant an allowance. II Analysis of Chirnside v Fay A Fact Situation The plaintiff, Mr Fay (MF), and the defendant, Mr Chirnside (MC), were both property developers. They had known each other since the early 1980s and in 1997 decided to enter into a project together in respect of an old building. They had Harvey Norman (HN) in mind as the potential anchor tenant. Although MF made the initial contact with HN MC became almost solely responsible for dealing with them and entered into a conditional contract in his name only. HN made the final commitment to the project on 7 July 2000. By that time MC had gone cold on MF, largely due to his limited involvement. Instead of telling MF this MC intended to complete all the transactions through Rattray Ltd while convincing MF that he himself was no longer involved. MF argued that there had been a partnership and that he was entitled to proceeds, which was denied by MC. The project was ultimately completed. MF sued. By the time this case got to the Supreme Court the only viable cause of action that MF had was breach of fiduciary duty. The Supreme Court was unanimous in finding that MC had breached his fiduciary obligations. B Equitable Allowance There is a presumptive requirement that once a breach of fiduciary duty has been established the errant fiduciary must disgorge all profits made by dint of the breach. That is commonly referred to as the no-profit rule. There are two main exceptions to that rule. The first is where there has been some antecedent agreement for profit sharing. The second is where the court decides to exercise its discretion to grant the errant fiduciary an allowance for their skill, labour or expertise in making the profits. The onus is on the defendant to satisfy the court that an allowance should be made. In Chirnside there was an antecedent profit-sharing arrangement between the parties. Because of that agreement MC was entitled to a deduction of 50 per cent to the amount he had to account to MF. In addition to that, MC argued that he was entitled to an allowance due to the effort he exerted in gaining the profit from the joint venture. There were two different approaches taken to this issue both in regards to the actual law itself and the application of it. 1 Elias CJ Elias CJ took a strict approach to the issue of when an allowance should be granted. Her Honours main point was that allowances should remain exceptional, as Lord Templeman and Lord Goff in Guinness Plc v Saunders suggested they should be. She expressed the view that an allowance should generally only be permitted if the fiduciarys breach was wholly innocent and the beneficiary was-wholly undeserving, as in Boardman v Phipps . She accepted, however, that there had been cases where allowances had been granted despite the fiduciary not being blameless. She was of the opinion that the allowances were granted in such cases due to the fiduciary creating extraordinary profits outside the scope of what was envisaged in the fiduciary relationship while not having committed any significant wrongdoing. To evidence this point she analysed the cases of OSullivan v Management Agency , Estate Realties v Wignall , Badfinger Music v Evans , and Say-Dee v Farah Constructions . She suggested that in t hose cases the fiduciary had created substantial and unexpected profits and in most of them the wrongdoing was mere non-disclosure, which supported her proposition. Thus, she was of the view that an allowance could only be granted here if MC could show that he was wholly innocent and MF was-wholly undeserving or that he created extraordinary profits, essentially outside the scope of the fiduciary undertaking, while not having committed any significant wrongdoing. She then applied that reasoning to the facts. She held that MC had committed significant wrongdoing because by actively concealing his breach of duty at a vital time he had directly undermined the obligation of loyalty which is the cornerstone fiduciary obligation. Moreover, she was of the opinion that the work which MC had done was expected of him and thus was within the scope of the joint venture giving rise to the fiduciary obligations. Based on those two findings she denied MC an allowance. She did, however, make two additional points. Firstly, she saw no significance in the fact that MCs work had been undertaken before he had committed the breach because he was required to account for all profits made through the opportunities he obtained as a fiduciary which covered the whole joint venture. Secondly, the fact that MC was entitled to a 50 per cent deduction by dint of the antecedent agreement was important to her because she felt that if an allowance were to be granted he would essentially be receiving the full benefit he might have expected had he been wholly loyal which would significantly undermine the obligation of loyalty. 2 Tipping and Blanchard JJ Tipping and Blanchard JJ took a broad approach to the issue of when an allowance should be granted. They expressed the view that what a court should consider is whether, on the overall balance of the equities between the parties, it is fair and just to grant an allowance. In considering that, all the relevant circumstances must be taken into account. The essence of this exercise was to come to a fair conclusion as to what the fiduciary had to account. Thus, unlike Elias CJ they were of the opinion that the significance of the defendants breach and the personal input that they put into creating the profits were only factors to be taken into account rather than criteria that had to be satisfied. However, they did emphasise the need for restraint when calculating the amount of an allowance. That is, they expressed the view that the amount of allowances should generally not be liberal in order to deter others from committing breaches of fiduciary duty. Their main authority for this appro ach was OSullivan , Warman International , Estate Realities , and Murad v Al-Saraj . They analysed Saunders , which was a crucial case for Elias CJ, and distinguished it based on the finding that the obligations in that case were expressly accepted whereas in this case the obligations were imposed. They stated that it would be unfair and conflict with the pillars of equity to apply such a strict approach as was done in Saunders in a case such as this. They then applied that reasoning to the facts. There were four key factors which led to them ruling that it was fair and just to grant MC an allowance. Firstly, they held that MCs breach was not significant because it was not fraudulent or dishonest and MC genuinely believed he was entitled to act as he did. Secondly, they held that most of MCs work was done prior to his breach of duty and as such the breach did not facilitate in any way the making of the relevant profit. This was relevant to them because due to that ruling there could be no suggestion in their minds that by granting an allowance the fiduciary relationship would be undermined by encouraging fiduciaries to act in breach of duty. Thirdly, they held that MC had contributed far more effort in bringing the joint venture to profit than MF. In particular, MC had incurred all legal and financial liability and engaged in most of the negotiations with HN on his own. Fourthly, had the project been completed with MF then it was clear that he would have agreed to recognise MCs disproportionate contribution in a reasonable way which would have probably included an element of disproportionate profit sharing. Having found that an allowance was suitable they then exercised restraint in calculating the amount of the allowance, which they ultimately considered to-be $100,000. 3 Conclusion Thus, the key distinction between these two approaches is that while Elias CJ believed it was necessary to keep allowances exceptional by adopting a strict approach based on general elements Tipping and Blanchard JJ considered the issue by asking a much broader question based on notions of fairness. III Authors Opinion as to the Appropriate Approach to Allowances Every court of equity has the broad aim of doing justice between the parties. Indeed, equity was originally developed in order to address the injustices that resulted from the strict application of common law rules and since then it has been consistently stated that equitable remedies must be fashioned to fit the nature of the case and its particular facts. It would be more consistent with these broad goals for the decision of whether to grant an allowance to not be based on general rules but rather on an overall assessment of the particular facts and the merits and claims of the defendant. That is because a court is much more able to come to a decision that is fair between the parties if it is able to take account of all the circumstances of the case and not be limited to discussing a couple of general issues as courts that adopt the strict approach are. While the major issues in deciding whether to grant an allowance will often be the moral blameworthiness of the defendant and the personal input that they put into creating the profits, which are the two issues addressed under the strict approach, there are other important issues that can only be properly taken into account under a broad approach. For example, the circumstances in which the breach occurred , the circumstances in which the gains or profits were derived , the beneficiarys reliance on the fiduciarys involvement in the arrangement , and the extent to which the defendant has already been compensated through professional fees . The case of Chirnside illustrates this point that in taking a broad approach the court is more likely to come to a decision that is fair and just. In Chirnside it was clear that although the plaintiff had breached his fiduciary obligations it would be unfair if he was not granted an allowance. That was because the defendant had almost singlehandedly brought the joint venture to profit and the plaintiff was originally going to compensate him for his significant efforts. Elias CJ took a strict approach to the case and due to its rigid nature she was unable to do justice between the parties. However, in taking a broad approach the main judgment was able to take account of all the circumstances and reach a fair and just decision. Thus, courts should use the broad approach because they will be more able to reach fair and just decisions and be more in line with foundational aspects of equity. Furthermore, a broad approach is more consistent with the important equitable maxim of he who seeks equity must do equity. That is, under a broad approach the court will always be able to recognise whether the profits to which the beneficiary is entitled are in the nature of a windfall and as such rule that the beneficiary should provide some recompense for the work that has produced it because equity is not in the business of unjustly enriching plaintiffs. Furthermore, the broad approach is a lot more flexible than the stricter approach and as Tipping J stated in Chirnside it is undesirable to adopt rigid equitable approaches unless the justification for such an approach is compelling. The reason for that is that one of the foundational aspects of equity was its remedial flexibility in that it was first developed to address the rigour and rigidity of the common law. The way in which one typically makes such an argument is to suggest that the rigidity of the stricter approach tends towards much greater certainty, which is particularly desirable due to the significant vulnerability and broad liability involved in the application of the approach, and as such it is necessary in the overall interests of justice to adopt a rigid approach. In this case, while adopting the stricter approach would create more certainty it is not particularly important to do so here because the burden of proof is on defendants who will have breached some of thei r obligations and allowances are usually modest. Accordingly, there is no compelling reason in this regard to adopt a stricter approach. An argument that is frequently postulated in favour of a stricter approach is that such an approach will be more effective in deterring fiduciaries from acting in breach of their duties. It seems farfetched to suggest that a defaulting fiduciary will not engage in certain behaviour for fear that it will be unremunerated. Indeed, many cases show that a fiduciary will engage in conduct in breach of duty regardless of the potential sanction. Moreover, if equitys true goal was deterrence then a defaulting trustee would not be allowed to retain a proportion of the profit made from acquiring an asset with mixed funds. Also, courts that adopt the broad approach still pay regard to this concern by exercising restraint when they calculate the allowance. Thus, it seems unsound to not adopt a broad approach based on notions of deterrence. It is sometimes argued that allowances should never be granted because the making of an allowance means that there is no sanction for the defendants conduct. This argument is ill-conceived. The purpose of an allowance is to properly fix compensation or damages on the basis of disgorgement of profits properly analysed, not to apply a sanction or punishment for the breach of duty. Conclusion In conclusion, it is clear that the approaches taken by Elias CJ and Tipping and Blanchard JJ are very distinct and will reasonably frequently lead to differing results, as in Chirnside itself. It is this authors opinion that the broad approach used by Tipping and Blanchard JJ is the more appropriate approach because it is more in line with foundational aspects of equity and the arguments in favour of the strict approach are not compelling enough to go against that. Given the main judgment in Chirnside , and Estate Realities , it is likely that the broad approach will be used in New Zealand for the foreseeable future.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Execution as an Appropriate Deterrent to Crime :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Execution as an Appropriate Deterrent to Crime Execution is an appropriate punishment for people convicted of premeditated murder, rape, treason or child molestation. By allowing these people to live in prisons for their whole lives, taxpayers' money is being wasted. More money is spent on providing for convicts than is spent on disadvantaged children in the United States. New prisons also have to be built, using taxpayers' money, to house convicts. Those prisoners who are there for life should be executed, creating more room for other criminals without having to build more prisons. Execution would also lessen the level of violent crime because felons would not want to die. By making and example of people who are executed for murder, child molestation or rape, other people considering committing these crimes might be deterred. One needs to consider that it costs a lot to execute people. Also, a person executed might be innocent. Once someone is killed, there is no way to bring him back. There is also really no way to compensate the family for the mistake. By letting people live and not executing them, there is no risk that they execute an innocent person. There are other, more meaningful ways to punish people without killing them. By having a murderer make restitution to the surviving family members, he will have to consider what he did every day of his life. If the murderer is executed, it is over and the family will not be compensated. Also, working in jails and building new ones creates jobs for other people. Others also look at the moral issues. A constant truth everyone is taught is that two wrongs don't make it right. By executing people, some interpret it as saying that two wrongs do make it right. The executioner is also a murderer though he does it legally. The executioner must be a medical doctor , but by executing people., he is violating the Hippocratic Oath, that all doctors take, which says that he will preserve life, not destroy it. People who argue that execution is immoral have to realize that the law is above morals. Overall, it would cost less to execute someone than it would to feed, clothe, house and entertain a person for twenty years. The money saved by not having to provide for people in jails could be used to create other jobs for people.

Saturday, October 12, 2019

Peaches Essay -- Literary Analysis, Reginald McKnight

In the story â€Å"Peaches†, Reginald McKnight introduces his main characters, one being Marcus. Marcus is a good guy, but he is described in different ways, due to his confidence and insecurity. Throughout the work, author Reginald McKnight takes great care to illustrate situations and describe feelings and personalities that many men experience. This way, even though Marcus is having trouble controlling himself around other people and arrogant at times, he still tries to be a better person for Rita and for himself. He does this by going out of the country to experience other cultures and enhance his morals. On one level Marcus demonstrates that he is incredibly confident, on the other level he shows signs of being insecure, manipulative, unstable and incapable of achieving change. Marcus’ actions continually demonstrate how confident he is. Whether he is next door or across the country, Marcus always has his eyes set out for Rita because he sees her as _______. While, he claims â€Å"I have had relationships with Black women and Hispanic women, and Asian women† (75), thinking his experiences with other women instantly make him capable of understanding Rita. Because of ______, Marcus thinks such an understanding of Rita would be ________. He is so eager to be with her that he fails to see her as an individual. To Marcus, past experiences are enough to sustain a healthy relationship. According to Marcus, he had â€Å"been through this before† (75) and told Rita she could tell him anything, thinking it had to do with a cultural gap. In fact, Marcus said to Rita, â€Å"You can tell me. I think I’d understand† (75). [What is he referring to here?] His confidence paired with his need for Rita’s recognition and approval makes it appear that his confidenc... ...anipulative, and unstable. In creating a character so confident, insecure, manipulative, and unstable, Reginald McKnight also creates a character we can sympathize with. McKnight created a sense that Marcus was a confident individual, who set himself apart from society, but in doing so, he set himself up for failure. Where the one woman who could make all the difference began to fear him. Once that happened, everything went downhill as soon as Marcus began to dismiss Ritas response at any given point. Whether or not he was fully aware, Marcus built walls around him and avoided speaking about his personal life with any sort of depth. This, if anything, makes us aware that negative remarks and statements can lead to a very negative result. We are forced to form our own conclusion and conform to the fact that no matter how many miles away, one person may never change.

Friday, October 11, 2019

Most Important Turning Point in WW2 Essay

There’s always a discussion or argument as to what the most important turning point in the war was. This is a very difficult question to answer because every important part of the war happened because of another important part of the war. But is there just one main turning point in the war or could there be multiple? The Battle of Britain The Battle of Britain took place between August and September 1940. After the success of Blitzkrieg, the evacuation of Dunkirk and the surrender of France, Britain, on the Western front, was by herself. The Battle of Britain was the closest British Civilians actually got to see any of the fighting in WW2. In July 1940 through to October 1940 a few thousand young men, ably backed by the British Public and the men and women of the RAF ground staff held off the mightiest Air Force assembled up to that point in time. The German Luftwaffe. On September 15th came the last major engagement of the battle. On that day, the Luftwaffe lost 60 planes while the RAF lost 28. The overall casualties amounted to Germany losing 1,100 planes whereas Britain had lost just over half that amount (650). On September 17th, Hitler cancelled the invasion of Britain. The invasion would not have been possible if the Royal Navy had been able to attack the barges; and, with the RAF in existence the Germans could not hope to attack the Royal Navy. So, no invasion took place. If Britain had lost the Battle of Britain then Britain would have almost certainly been invaded and probably conquered like the other European countries. But Britain did not lose the Battle of Britain and, so, Britain was not conquered. The continued existence of Great Britain as a fighting nation meant that†¦ Germany needed many men to garrison Western Europe rather than attack Russia because the resistance movements in the occupied countries had support from Britain. When Japan and Germany declared war on America, America, being the biggest industrial power at the time, was able to use Britain as a massive base to store all the aircraft they needed to bomb Germany. The majority of Germany`s artillery was kept back in Europe and Germany on anti-aircraft duties because of these huge bombing raids. These drains on Germany’s resources meant they were not able to conquer Russia in the quick manner needed. This led to the eventual meat  grinder of the Eastern front which swallowed so much of their army and air force. How much difference would those guns, men and ammunition have made at Stalingrad? The Battle of Britain boosted British morale through the roof. This was shown in the famous â€Å"never was so much owned by so many to so few.† Speech by Winston Churchill. The British also kicked the Axis out of Africa, forcing Hitler to send much needed supplies and men to assist the failing Afrika Korps. All of this would not have happened if the British had lost the Battle of Britain. The Enigma Code The German military used the Enigma cipher machine during WW2 to keep their communications secret. The machine was available commercially during the 1920s, but the military potential of the device was quickly realised and the German army, navy and air force all used a more developed model of the machine to encipher their messages believing that it would make these communications unsolvable to the enemy. The Enigma machine is an electro-mechanical device that relies on a series of rotating ‘wheels’ or ‘rotors’ to scramble plaintext messages into jumbled cipher text. The machine’s variable elements can be set in many billions of combinations, and each one will make a completely different cipher text message. If you know how the machine has been set up, you can type the cipher text back in and it will unscramble the message. If you don’t know the Enigma setting, the message remains indecipherable. The German authorities believed in the absolute security of the Enigma. However, with the help of Polish mathematicians who had managed to secure a machine before the outbreak of WW2, British code breakers stationed at Bletchley Park managed to exploit weaknesses in the machine and how it was used and were able to crack the Enigma code. Breaking the Enigma ciphers gave the Allies a key advantage, which, according to historians, shortened the war by two years thus saving many lives. In one specific case the team behind the Enigma code were able to inform the British 8th Army at El Alamein of an incoming attack from the Afrika corps. Stalingrad The Battle of Stalingrad was one of the most major and decisive battles of World War 2 where the Axis fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad. The battle took place between August 23, 1942 and February 2,  1943 and was fought with close-quarters combat and lack of regard for civilian casualties. It is among the bloodiest battles in the history of warfare with almost two million casualties. The German attack, led by General Paulus, to capture Stalingrad began in late summer 1942, and was supported by severe Luftwaffe bombing that reduced much of the city to rubble. The German offensive eventually became reduced to building-to-building fighting. Despite controlling nearly the entire city at times, the Germans were unable to shake off the last soviets clinging to their City. Both sides fought vigorously over the city and Stalin ordered his troops, â€Å"Not a step back.† The Battle for Stalingrad was rife with sniping on both sides; however the Russians us ed a tactic no other country did during the war. This tactic was the employing of female snipers on the field, which they did to great effect. By doing this, the Russian Army was able to fill their ranks further as well as raise morale of troops and civilians by reporting on the lethal effectiveness of the Soviet fighting woman. Morale was one of the most vital things a soldier could have. Without morale a soldier became ineffective and the worst thing for morale was an enemy Sniper. The presence of a sniper was usually revealed to enemy troops by a single shot, followed by the death of one of their comrades. This presented a problem to the remaining troops. Not only were they under fire from an enemy, but they could not see where this enemy was nor could they predict who would be the next victim. Additionally, if the sniper left, there was no way for the opposing men to know unless one of them left cover, and therefore risking his life. The strain of being constantly in danger was increased by the inability of the troops to strike back at the sniper, as well as their anger at the death of their fellow soldiers. During the Battle of Stalingrad, the Russian snipers, particularly Vassili Zaitsev, proved to cause so much damage to German morale and such a boost to the Russians that German High Command sent in their best sniper, a Major Koning, to hunt down and kill Zaitsev. Unfortunately for the Germans, this plan backfired, and Zaitsev killed Koning, further lifting Russian morale and dropping German fighting spirit to a new low. On 19 November 1942, the Red Army launched Operation Uranus, a two-pronged attack at the weaker Romanian and Hungarian forces protecting the German flanks. After heavy fighting, the Axis army was cut off and surrounded inside Stalingrad. Adolf Hitler’s resolute belief in  no surrender led to more loss of life. Eventually, the failure to save the German Forces and lack of supplies led to the surrender. By February 1943, Axis resistance in Stalingrad had stopped and nearly 125,000 remaining troops of the 6th Army had surrendered, the others were killed. Only 6,000 soldiers made it back home. The battle lasted 5 months, 1 week, and 3 days. It was Germany’s first major defeat. However by the end of the battle 99% of the buildings in Stalingrad were reduced to piles of rubble. â€Å"The siege of September 13, 1942 to January 31, 1943 will inspire forever the hearts of all free people. Their glorious victory stemmed the tide of invasion and marked the turning point in the war of the Allied nations against the forces of aggression.† Franklin D Roosevelt, congratulating Joseph Stalin on the soviet Victory at Stalingrad. This shows that not only did Stalingrad spread morale throughout the U.S.S.R but throughout Allied troops around the world. For the U.S.S.R Stalingrad was it. A desperate last stand against the Axis and total inhalation. Not only were there vital oil sources to the South-East but it was a battle between Stalin and Hitler themselves (considering it was Stalin’s city). After the Battle of Stalingrad Germ an forces never recovered to their earlier strength and so gave up their campaign on the USSR. It was the beginning of the end and retreat for the Axis powers in Russia. El Alamein Between 1940 and 1942, the desert war went back and forth over the north coast of Africa. After initial British success, the Afrika Korps (the German army) made a determined advance, gradually beating the British 8th Army back as far as a small town called El Alamein near the Egyptian border. At the end of the First Battle of El Alamein, the Allies suffered about 13,250 wounded, captured, missing, and killed, while the Axis suffered 17,000. The Second Battle of El Alamein marked a major turning point in the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War. The battle lasted from 23 October to 5 November 1942. Germany had: 30,542 casualties, 500 tanks, 254 guns, 84 aircraft. And British and other Commonwealth forces had: 13,560 casualties, 332- 500 tanks, 111 guns, 97 aircraft. After the two battles the world was convinced that the Axis powers, particularly Germany, were not invincible as this was their second major military defeat. A quarter of a million Italian and German soldiers su rrendered at El Alamein which was nearly twice the  amount that surrendered at Stalingrad four months earlier. This destroyed Italian moral completely because not only were they crushed at El Alamein, their country became the new frontline, and for Germany It was another momentous disaster. The Battle of El Alamein not only allowed total free access to the Suez Canal for Allied shipping, which was of special importance now that the war had taken on a global nature, but it also stopped the Germans from threatening the Middle-Eastern oil fields, a major supplier of Allied oil reserves. The victory, coupled with joint Allied landings in French Algiers, also finally spelled the elimination of an Axis presence in North Africa and ended the Italian dreams of a ‘new Roman Empire’. There were also strategic implications: the defeat in North Africa began the series of events that led the invasion of mainland Italy and the toppling of the Italian dictator Mussolini. This brought the Italians onto the Allies’ side and left Germany at a strategic disadvantage across the whole of the M editerranean. The North African campaign also drew German troops away from the massive battles that were taking place in the U.S.S.R. I have not included D-Day as one of the most important turning points in the war because I believe that the fact that D-Day happened means that the tide had already turned. For the Western Front the tide turned at the Battle of Britain because if Britain had been taken then: America wouldn’t have an Allied country close to Germany, the Allies wouldn’t have been able to win in North Africa and D-Day wouldn’t of been able to happen in the first place. I have also not included Pearl Harbour as a Turning point because I feel Japan only attacked the Americans at Pearl Harbour so they could destroy some of their vital ships and resources. I think they did this because they knew that war was going to break out between Japan and America at some point and so decided to jump the gun and get the upper hand. This would mean that Pearl Harbour was significant point in the war rather than a turning point. In conclusion I would say that there wasn’t a turning point as such but four main turning points that led do the downfall of Nazi Germany, Italy and Japan. These being: The Battle of Britain, The breaking of the Enigma Code, Stalingrad and El Alamein. This is because the three battles were last chance stands against the mighty German Army, and defeat would have meant loss of highly important resources, land, men and morale. Additionally if the Enigma code had not been broken the war might have raged  on for another two or three years and many more millions could have died. Bibliography http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sponsored/russianow/features/9942741/stalingrad-dates-legacy.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/ww2_summary_01.shtml http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/defeat/catastrophe-stalingrad.htm http://bbrown.umwblogs.org/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_was_so_much_owed_by_so_many_to_so_few http://stalingrad3.weebly.com/index.html http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/battleofbritain.htm http://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/content/machines.rhtm

Thursday, October 10, 2019

Visit to Сourt

?I have got a chance to visit court on 2, January 2014 with my group members Biagio Mauri for our law assignment. This is the first time of my life visiting to court and we went to magistrate court around 1pm. That court is located in 363 George Street Brisbane QLD 4001, opening and closing hours is 8:30-4:30. When we arrived infront of the court I feel alittle nervous because I have never been to any court. My group members asked me to turn off all of my electronic devices.In entrance there are some sign of no food /drink and turn off electronic devices. I stepped into the entrance and the first thing I see is security woman with desk in front of the court. She was friendly and asked us to step back to x-ray machines which is use in airport or any other security check . Then she asked us to come one by one, so that my group member would go first and I was waiting him outside of the entrance. After she checked my group member’s bag with metal detectors as she asked me to come in and she did the same way.After security check, we ahead to information counter and we saw some people were asking about the court room that related to their cases. So we qued for a little while and we got reach our trun. My group member requested to receptionist that we are student doing law assignment and which room we need to go. Then she said room 36 is just started and pointed us to get there. I felt so excited to get into the room as I saw auto double door to get into the room. I became noticed everyone is quiet and we took chair in last place.Although I knew that I need to be quiet but my group member remind me to be quiet. After we sat down,I started to discover the circumstances. There were few people sitting with us. The name of the judge was Carmody T and he looked greate on his formal black suit with the white collar. His place was the highest positon of the room and he was sitting. At the second positon, I saw a typist women and she was typing about the case. At the l ast positon I saw one lawyer and one policeman who standing were had conversation with the judge.I saw around 4 or 5 police infront of the 2 small glass room that they made with protective glass for protect people from the accuse abuse I guess. After I did sightseeing ,the first accuse was already got judgement . So I started focus on second accuse case and listened carefully. Before the accuse come, the lawer talked about the case. That case was nature of crime about theft case, the police woman took the accuse man from the door behind that glass room. The judge asked that accuse man that he feel gulity or not. He said he felt gulity so that judge continue ask about what he did steal.He admited that he stolen $4658 cash from the high school. Finally the judge made the decision that he needed to give fine $2000 and sent to prison for 6 months. In conclusion, I got a lot of knowledges about the court by visiting magistrate court in brisbane Australia. I experienced about how the judg e and lawyer analysis the case and the court procedure. When I left that room I did bow my head down as other people did. I realized how court is important for a countrty, if court does not exist we cannot exactly know what is justice.

Wednesday, October 9, 2019

Discuss paul gilroy quote (youth cultural practice) Essay

Discuss paul gilroy quote (youth cultural practice) - Essay Example taken distinguishing local factors as well as histories into account, they hope that they can concur that different youth cultures are by now hosting an influential commitment between these thoughts and the hesitant - micro-political instead of pre-political - appearances that resist them either by asserting difference as well as diversity or by rejoicing the transcendence of different racial and ethnic differences. More new music enlightens how these impacts are reduced into the same gesticulations, the identical delighted moment. For this rationale alone, it seems suitable to look into those cultures for the purpose of plan how rejoinders regarding the new racism as well as its minority complements have developed and also to observe what energies different youth cultures can give way for future resists against the ethnic absolutism, racism as well as nationalism (Gilroy, 1993). According to Gilroy 1993), these above mentioned aspects related to youth cultural practices are leading to the effect where these cultures are emerging as the essential hybrid of different social as well as political forms (Gilroy, 1993). Gilroy’s idea of youth culture, in this context, is closely associated with the observation that different social and political aspects are interrelated with these practices. Different social aspects, such as the degree of social integration between one community and the other and the associated transformation of various social and communal aspects and ideas are regarded as the most important guiding force behind the development of youth cultural practices. In most of the cases, youth cultural practices are guided by the associated norms or rules and regulations of the society under consideration. For instance, the situation where large number of people across the community are taking drugs or are creating significant amount of social nuisance in the locality are most likely to be seen affecting the youth cultural practices within that community.

Tuesday, October 8, 2019

Virgin bed & breakfast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Virgin bed & breakfast - Essay Example There has been provided the analysis of the difference between the underlying profit and the statutory profit of the virgin bed and breakfast. The estimated profit with the tax of ?481m is ?110m. This recorded as being high because of the increased interest charged on the B&B working capital faculty and the government loan plus the size of lower balance sheet (Taparia, 2003 Pg. 38). Income statement information for the six months is restated according to an interim financial report that would provide consistence with the restatement in the 2013 annual reports and accounts for B&B and Virgin. Summary Income Statement 4 months to 30 May 2013 4 months to 30 may2012* 12 months to 31 December 2012 1000? 1000? 1000? Fundamental Net Interest Income Fundamental net non interest income** 723.1 900.9 1,722.4 39.0 14.7 36.5 Fundamental net operating Ongoing administrative Deficiency on loans and advances to customers Net deficiency on investment securities 637.3 816.4 1,533.4 (103.5) (104.5) (2 31.2) 7.3 3.2 57.5 Unrealized fair price movements on financial instruments Hedge vanity Other net administrative expenses - Provision for customer restore Gain on rebuying of capital instruments Profit on disposal of credit linked notes (43.9) (12.8) 79.2 (23.5) (34.4) (75.2) 3.1) (65.2) (65.0) - - - - 348.1 Statutory profit before taxation 347 550 1,298.2 The Virginia will apply some derivative financial equipment for economic purposes. Some of the instruments made and accounted for the compliant fair value. If the effective fair value is established, the movement fair value movement of the derivative is set in part or in full by the value of the edged instrument. In the virgin B&B, basis swaps are designated into a cash flow hedge. The active customer contact program for all unsecured loan payment protection is keenly observed. For the pest analysis, the Virgin has established some strongholds for its survival. Some established mechanisms of survival that would ensure that the vi rgin bed and breakfast would achieve its objectives. Several proposals have been made for the favour of the industry. Through the proposed functioning of the government departments and agencies, the virgin B&B would establish its objectives. The UK government has proposed some tax proposal that may be an increase of 5-10% that would make the UK one of the highest tax holiday destinations. This would cause a decrease for people coming into England but could increase our sales, as we will have prices below average. In addition to this, There could be an increase in travel to the UK which is due to exchange rates being low and thus and increase in customers for our B&B. Change of trends towards luxury hotels or camping and other alternative ways of travelling may influence our sales. In the side of technology, In the future, businessperson may require expensive technologies and consequently would not be able to provide all the essential facilities for our target customers needs. Balanc e Sheet Assets Q1 Ending 31st September 201 Q2 Q3 Q4 Cash/Overdraft 30,290.00 60,389.60 60,389.60 60,389.60 Total assets 30,290.00 60,389.60 60,389.60 60,389.60 And Stockholders' Equity Shareholder’s Capital 50,000. 50,000.00 50,000.00 50,000.00 Owners Equity 19,710.00 10,389.60 10,389.6 10,389.60 Total Liab 30,290.00 60,389.60 60,389.60 60,389.60 Bed & Breakfasts can have a great competitive advantage to the other Hotels in UK; this takes the advantage of

Monday, October 7, 2019

Opioid analgesics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Opioid analgesics - Term Paper Example Opiod analgesics can be natural, semi-synthetic, fully synthetic or endogenous in nature. The naturally occurring opiods can be attaned by incising a seed pod which has a substance known as opium. This opium contains alkaloids and the primary alkaloid is morphine. Semi synthetic opiods are the ones that are created from these natural opiates. Examples of semi-synthetic opiods are hydrocodone, desomorphine and buprenorphine. Fully synthetic ones are the ones created totally in the laboratory and these include fentanyl and pethidine. Endogenous opiods are the ones that are produced inside the body and these include endorphins and enkephalins. Some names of opioids are Morphine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, methadone, meperidine, fentanyl, sufentanil, alfentanil, levorphanol and codeine. Opioids are the most effective and best option of treatment of pain that has a chronic pattern and has been persisting for a very long time. It has been proved to be useful for unbearable and severe pain for relief. It is very useful in life hampering conditions which do not have a definite cure which include late stages of cancers and opioids are used in these pathologies. It is also an option of treatment for anxiety. Other clinical uses include the usage of these drugs in spinal analgesia. Opiods can also be used as drugs for the treatment of diarrhea. They can also induce sleep and hence can be used as sedatives. Another common indication for opioids is in decreasing the reflex of cough. Opiods can also serve as emetic agents and can be used to induce vomiting. Acute pulmonary edema is a clinical condition which can be relieved by the provision of opiods by the mechanism of dilation of the vessels. Certain opiods which have long lasting effects are used in the rehabilitation programs for the treatment of the opiod addicts so as to counter the withdrawal symptoms seen in these patients. The opioids are a class of drugs that have a good rate of absorption when they are taken by m outh. A few opioids serve as exceptions which include morphine, hydromorphone and oxymorphone. These drugs undergo the first pass effect before they enter the circulation. These drugs can hence be given by the parenteral route. These drugs have the capability of reaching the most of the tissues of the human body. They can also cross the placenta. These drugs are acted upon by the enzymes of the liver and are converted into forms of glucoronide. Their route of removal from the human body is via the renal system. Alcohol has the ability of increasing the effects of the opioids on the human body. Also in patients with pathologies of the liver, the effect of the opiods becomes prolonged owing to the inactivity of the enzymes of the liver. Opioids have the capability of working via three mechanisms that is via receptors, opioid peptides and via certain ionic pathways. The receptors of opioids are present in the peripheral nerves, in the cells of the gut as well as other important regions of the body. The receptors are classified as mu receptors, kappa receptors and delta receptors. The properties of the opioids responsible for relieving the pain are carried out via the mu receptors. The delta receptors are presented in the distal regions of the body and they are considered to be responsible for inducing tolerance to the drugs. The kappa receptors are considered to be responsible for inducing sleep. These receptors of the opioids act via the second messenger, G proteins. They function via preventing the activity of

Sunday, October 6, 2019

Market-Based or Government Control Research Paper

Market-Based or Government Control - Research Paper Example America's diverse healthcare problems, such as a fully nationalized healthcare system and improving the current market-based healthcare system (Shi & Singh, 2007, p.ix). This paper seeks to explore the issues surrounding PPACA. A number of authors argued against PPCA because they assert that it is a socialist intervention that does not fit the market-run socio-economic model of modern society and it is a costly and unconstitutional infringement on individual choices and corporate rights. ObamaCare is fundamentally socialist and does not fit into the market-run socio-economic model of modern society. Williamson (2011) described PPACA as socialist because it is based on a ç” °entral planning model, with socialist features of Ã¥ ¦ ¬ncome-redistribution, economic leveling, the co-opting and nationalization of private enterprises, and the elevation of an elite planning class(p.237). He did not believe that a socialist model can resolve the underlying issues of high medical and insurance costs in the nation, and for him, it will only replicate the 1970s British healthcare issues of poor implementation and poor results. Sultz and Young (2008) highlighted the characteristics of American healthcare that evade an effective socialization process. First, the healthcare system is too large to be managed by the state alone: å… ¸he U.S. health care system is the worlds eight largest economies, second to that of France, and is larger than the total economy of Italy(p.xvii). Se cond, the healthcare system is too complex, because of its labor-intensive levels and the changing, varied roles of healthcare professionals and employees who interact with evolving medical technology and patient preferences (Sultz & Young, 2008, p.xvii). Sultz and Young (2008) argued that the size and complexity of the American healthcare system shaped problems of limited health care access, inconsistent quality, and increasing costs (p.xviii).